CD15 (LeuM1)
Leu-M1 was first reported as reactive with the membrane-related trisaccharide fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine on myelomonocytic cells, where the epitope was known as X-Hapten or Lewis-X. The gene is located on chromosome 11 in the region q12-qter45.
Antibodies are effective on paraffin-embedded tissue12.
Immunohistochemical expression
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Mature granulocytes; promyelocytes stain variably and normal myeloblasts are negative.
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Activated lymphocytes, mainly T cells
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Leukaemic myeloid and monocytic cells. Almost all cases of CML are positive. Lower rates of positivity are seen in ALL.
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Reed-Sternberg cells and mononuclear Hodgkin's cells, staining about 80% of cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma11. The staining is characteristically membrane plus a paranuclear focus associated with the Golgi apparatus. The popcorn cell in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma are usually negative for CD15.
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About 5% of B-cell lymphomas show positivity, but it is usually focal and weak. Positivity in B-ALL is associated with t(4;11)(q21;q23)45.
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Some T-cell lymphomas43,44
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Some anaplastic large cell lymphomas44
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Granulocytic sarcoma
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Most adenocarcinoma
Diagnostic utility
|
|
adenocarcinoma
|
mesothelioma
|
|
Sheibani 19868
|
47/50
|
0/28
|
|
Sheibani 198614
|
105/179(various sites of origin, including lung)
|
0/18
|
|
Warnock 198815
|
34/44(pulmonary adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas)
|
2/27
|
|
Ordonez 198916
|
14/23(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/19(all epithelioid mesotheliomas)
|
|
Wick 19909
|
52/52(peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung with pleural invasion)
|
0/51(epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas)
|
|
Wick 199040
|
38/43(23/23 peripheral pulmonary adenocarcinomas involving pleura, 8/10 serous surface papillary adenocarcinomas of peritoneum, 7/10 breast carcinomas metastatic to pleura. staining was predominantly membranous)
|
0/41(0/21 malignant epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas, 3/20 malignant epithelioid peritoneal mesotheliomas showed reactivity of minute foci of 5-10 cells)
|
|
O'Hara 199017
|
23/28(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/20
|
|
Tickman 199018 (study done on cell blocks from serous effusions)
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30/69(23 mammary, 16 ovarian, 10 pulmonary, 7 gastrointestinal and 13 others)
|
0/2
|
|
McCaughey 199119
|
not studied
|
2/98
|
|
Nance 199120 (study done on cell blocks from serous effusions)
|
11/26(various sites of origin)
|
0/1
|
|
Wirth 199121
|
16/20(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
4/50
|
|
Collins 199222
|
26/48(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
1/31(one case showed minimal focal positivity)
|
|
Gaffey 199223
|
not studied
|
0/49(32 epithelioid and 17 biphasic)
|
|
Brown 199324
|
79/103(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
2/34(all epithelioid mesotheliomas)
|
|
Moch 199325
|
16/24(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/27(all histological types)
|
|
Dejmek 199426
|
38/43(various sites of origin)
|
31/93
|
|
Maquire 199427 (study done on cell blocks from serous effusions)
|
18/23(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/44
|
|
Bailey 199628 (study done on cell blocks from serous effusions)
|
8/11(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/5
|
|
Doglioni 19961
|
19/22
|
0/20
|
|
Dejmek 19975
|
35/43
|
22/110
|
|
Bateman 199729
|
6/14(various sites of origin, metastatic to lung and pleura)
|
0/17
|
|
Delahaye 199730 (study done on cell blocks from serous effusions)
|
25/88(various sites of origin)
|
0/41
|
|
Riera 199731
|
159/211(various sites of origin: 115 cases intense, 35 moderate and 9 weak staining. 70 cases stained >50% of cells, 46 cases 26-50% of cells and 9 cases 10-25% of cells. 104/123 lung adenocarcinomas were positive. Staining of <10% of cells was considered negative.)
|
2/57(all epithelioid mesotheliomas: the two cases showed intense, predominantly membrane, staining but on only 10-25% of cells. Staining of <10% of cells was considered negative.)
|
|
Wilson 199732
|
8/9(lung and ovarian carcinomas)
|
3/21
|
|
Ordonez 199733
|
65/92(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
0/120
|
|
Leers 199810
|
9/21(various sites of origin. All 9 cases showing staining of >10% of cells.)
|
2/20(Both cases showed staining of <10% of cells.)
|
|
Chenard-Neu 199834
|
15/30(various sites of origin)
|
0/28
|
|
Garcia-Prats 199835
|
8/18(7/15 pulmonary and 1/3 extra-pulmonary adenocarcinomas, metastatic to pleura)
|
2/40(1/26 epithelioid, 1/10 sarcomatoid, 0/4 biphasic)
|
|
Ordonez 199836
|
28/45(30 ovarian [10 primary and 20 metastatic to the peritoneum] and 15 papillary serous carcinomas of the peritoneum)
|
0/35(all epithelial peritoneal mesotheliomas)
|
|
Brockstedt 20002
|
46/57(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
18/119
|
|
Dejmek 200037 (cytospins of serous fluids)
|
24/47(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
5/35
|
|
Gonzalez-Lois 200138
|
8/11(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
3/41(3/33 epithelioid, 0/6 sarcomatoid, 0/1 mixed and 0/1 lymphohistiocytoid mesotheliomas)
|
|
Roberts 20014
|
9/18(various sites of origin)
|
7/111(6/81 epithelioid, 0/11 sarcomatoid, 1/12 biphasic and 0/7 desmoplastic)
|
|
Comin 20017
|
23/23(primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas)
|
2/42(In the two cases which stained, less than 25% of cells were positive.)
|
|
Miettinen 2001
|
not studied
|
9/24(5/17 epithelioid, 4/7 sarcomatoid: usually limited to <5% of tumour cells.)
|
|
Abutaily 200213
|
5/11(pulmonary adenocarcinomas: only the 11 of 35 cases which were E-cadherin positive / TTF-1 negative were tested)
|
0/9
|
|
Ordonez 200339
|
36/50(all primary lung adenocarcinomas: 7 case >75% of cells stained, 13 cases 50-75% of cells, 9 cases 25-50% of cells and 4 cases 1-25% of cells. Staining was granular in most cases, membranous in a minority.)
|
0/60(all epithelioid mesotheliomas)
|
|
Overall
|
68% (1091/1606)
|
7% (120/1646)
|
A systematic review of twenty six studies (consisting of 1473 pulmonary adenocarcinomas and 1204 epithelioid mesotheliomas) reported sensitivities and specificities of CD15 for pulmonary adenocarcinoma of 72% and 93%41.
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