Cytokeratins in urothelium

Cytokeratins expressed by normal urothelium1:

Cytokeratin 8: some antibodies (e.g. M20) detect CK8 uniformly throughout the normal urothelium and uniformly in all grades of transitional cell carcinoma. Others (e.g. LE41) detect CK8 superficially in normal urothelium and low grade non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma with increased reactivity in invasive transitional cell carcinoma, especially in cells bordering the stroma1.

Cytokeratin 13 is retained in most G1 and G2 tumours, reduced to focal basal and suprabasal expression in superficial G3 tumours and lost entirely from muscle-invasive G3 tumours1.

Cytokeratin 14 is not expressed in normal urothelium, but is expressed in transitional cell carcinomas with squamous differentiation and in some transitional cell carcinomas which lack overt squamous differentiation1.

Cytokeratin 17 is expressed by basal cells only in normal epithelium. In G1 and G1/G2 transitional cell carcinomas, it is expressed by basal cells, and in some cases by suprabasal cells. In G2 and G2/G3 tumours, it is expressed uniformly by all cells. In anaplastic G3 tumours, it is reduced to focal expression: these foci are basal in Transitional cell carcinomas with squamous differentiation1.

Cytokeratin 18: some antibodies (e.g. RCK 106 and CK18-2)detect CK18 uniformly throughout the normal urothelium and uniformly in all grades of transitional cell carcinoma Others (e.g. 2C8 and RGE53) detect CK18 superficially in normal urothelium and low grade non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma with increased reactivity in grade 3 Transitional cell carcinoma 2C8 shows increased reactivity especially in cells bordering the stroma1.

Cytokeratin 20 is restricted to umbrella cells4 and very occasional intermediate cells in normal urothelium. Retention of this normal pattern in low-grade transitional cell carcinomas is associated with non-recurrence and may define a "benign papilloma"2. Uniform positivity was associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Carcinoma in situ shows overexpression of CK204. Uniform positivity may also be an objective marker of dysplasia preceding the development of a transitional cell carcinoma3. Squamous differentiation in a tumour is associated with reduction in cytokeratin 20 expression1.

Cytokeratin 20 may be useful in conjunction with p53 and CD44s in the differentiation of normal and reactive urothelium from carcinoma in situ.

References

1Southgate, J., Harnden, P., Trejdosiewicz, L. K. Cytokeratin expression patterns in normal and malignant urothelium: a review of the biological and diagnostic implications. Histol Histopathol 1999;14:657-664.

2Harnden, P., Mahmood, N., Southgate, J. Expression of cytokeratin 20 redefines urothelial papillomas of the bladder. Lancet 1999;353:974-977.

3Harnden, P., Eardley, I., Joyce, A. D., Southgate, Cytokeratin 20 as an objective marker of urothelial dysplasia. J.Br J Urol 1996;78:870-875

4McKenney, J. K., Desai, S., Cohen, C., Amin, M. B. Discriminatory immunohistochemical staining of urothelial carcinoma in situ and non-neoplastic urothelium: an analysis of cytokeratin 20, p53, and CD44 antigens. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1074-1078.

This page last revised 5.11.2001.